Nasal obstruction can have multiple anatomic causes. This can include septal deviation, turbinate hypertrophy, and nasal valve compromise.  Functional septorhinoplasty is a procedure performed to correct dorsal and caudal deviation of the septal L-strut and nasal valve compromise.  Nasal valve compromise can be cause but narrowing of the internal or external nasal valves and/or collapse of the lateral nasal side wall.  All of these potential etiologies should be considered during the evaluation of a patient presenting with nasal obstruction.

Facial reanimation is a beneficial procedure to help with deficits created from significant facial nerve palsies. Prior to pursuing surgical reanimation, a treatable medical etiology should be excluded. Facial nerve function should be thoroughly assessed and documented. Three primary techniques exist for nerve injury repair – primary neurorrhaphy, interposition cable graft, and nerve substitution. Primary repair is the gold standard. However, cable grafts and nerve substitutions are better suited to larger or more extensive defects.

Understanding the guiding principles involved in facial analysis and cephalometrics is essential during facial plastic and reconstructive surgery encounters. It is important to remember that each subunit and facial structure is assessed in relation to each other in order to evaluate position, proportion, and ideal aesthetics. This is also important to consider postoperatively as any alteration to a facial subunit or angle could lead to subtle or dramatic changes to one’s physical appearance. Facial proportions and angles vary by age, gender, and ethnicity.

A variety of cutaneous flaps are at the disposal of the trained otolaryngologist to repair cutaneous defects of the head and neck. The classification and design of cutaneous flaps are critical to understand in order to optimize patient outcomes and avoid complications. Orientation along RSTLs, vectors of tension, and relationship to vital structures are vital in flap design. Patient factors and patient preference are essential in determining the best treatment plan. This module specifically discusses cutaneous flaps. Unit reconstruction (e.g.

Since their initial inception for the treatment of facial aging, botulinum neuromodulators and facial fillers have experienced incredible growth in both their breadth and depth of clinical application.  The introduction of these minimally invasive cosmetic interventions has drastically changed the treatment paradigm for the aging face.  Proper technique facilitates a wide margin of safety resulting in high satisfaction rates.  However, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying anatomy, pharmacology of these products, and their potential complications is necessary for optimal outcomes.

In this module, we discuss the most common benign pigmented cutaneous lesions that are likely to be seen in the Otolaryngologists’ office.  Within the nevus family, it is important to understand the risk of melanoma with congenital nevi and the need for prophylactic excision with a long-term follow-up.  Seborrheic keratosis occurs in older patients and has a characteristic “stuck-on” appearance.  Finally, there are several subtypes of lentigines which are small brown macules or freckles.  Although each subtype may look similar to each other, the causes and the distribution differ.  Cosmetic

Implants and biomaterials are commonly used in craniofacial surgery and continue to evolve. This module aims to discuss general properties of materials and how implant characteristics affect surgical outcomes. We also aim to describe the most commonly used implant materials and their indications.

There is a wide range of congenital auricular deformities, and mastery of their reconstruction translates well to reconstruction of traumatic or iatrogenic auricular defects as well.  Recognition of which auricular structures are normal and which require reconstruction is critical to developing an appropriate plan for an individual patient.  Auricular reconstruction is difficult, and patients often focus on symmetry as the primary outcome measure; it is therefore of the utmost importance to discuss realistic expectations preoperatively, especially because reconstruction of microtia is very

Blepharoplasty is the surgery used to correct defects of the eyelids and aesthetically to improve the appearance of this area. The anatomy of the upper and lower eyelid and the surrounding brow and midface. This outline describes embryology, anatomy, pathophysiology, patient evaluation and treatment options. Emphasis is placed on surgical techniques for upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty and possible complications. 

The chin complex can be important in facial symmetry and creating an aesthetically pleasing facial profile.  Lateral, vertical, and transverse facial analysis can be performed. Some considerations include soft tissue position, syndromic appearance, and mandibular position. Possible procedures include chin alloplast implant, osseous genioplasty, soft tissue repositioning, and filler placement. Patient selection is often determined by anatomy.