The larynx is a complex anatomic structure that functions in phonation, respiration, and deglutition. By understanding the innervation and musculature of the larynx, the function of the larynx can be preserved in cases of surgical excision of tumors, clefts and other lesions. The superficial lamina propria of the vocal fold should be preserved if at all possible to allow for optimal vocal function. Furthermore, the function of the larynx can be augmented in cases with voice, airway or swallowing dysfunction.

Diagnosis of laryngoceles is based on history and clinical exam. Because of the association of laryngoceles with laryngeal carcinoma, imaging studies and endoscopic-guided biopsies are often included in the evaluation. After excluding the possibility of malignancy, small internal laryngoceles can often be managed with endoscopic excision, while combined laryngoceles generally require an external approach.

Establishing a safe and secure airway is one of the fundamental responsibilities of an otolaryngologist. Standard methods have been established for securing a surgical airway; and over the past 20 years advances have been made in percutaneous dilational tracheotomy that can be performed at the bedside. Special consideration needs to be taken in the pediatric population and a fundamental understanding of the patient’s underlying pathology will facilitate choosing the appropriate procedure for the patient.

Chronic laryngitis is defined as chronic laryngeal inflammation leading to dysphonia. Secondary symptoms associated with chronic laryngitis include globus sensation, chronic throat clearing, and a feeling of post nasal drip. Determination of the underlying etiology of chronic laryngitis is the key to effective management. Past medical history and current social history is important to elucidation of the underlying cause. Physical examination reveals varying degrees of laryngeal edema, erythema, and hypervascularity and is not specific enough to be diagnostic.