External Approaches to the Paranasal Sinuses
Module Summary
External approaches to the paranasal sinuses have largely been replaced by less invasive endoscopic alternatives in today’s rhinologic practices. However, these approaches each maintain unique advantages in exposure and application over endoscopic approaches. There remain clinical conditions, including extensive frontal disease, bony tumors, trauma and other conditions in which the anatomical access requires more traditional external approaches. The concepts and techniques of these approaches remain paramount components of the competent rhinologist’s skillset.